Memorandum on Standards Under the North American Free Trade Agreement: Fair and Equitable/minimum Standard of Treatment, Expropriation of Rights and Contracts, and the Standard of Compensation and the Determination of Damages for Violations of the Fair and Equitable/mi...

Executive Summary

The reciprocal need for an investor and a host state to establish a viable premise for the protection of investments has been reflected for decades in the evolution of expropriation clauses. This evolution has naturally been aided and abetted by the in...