Executive Summary (Summary of a confidential project undertaken for a non-governmental organization)* The Challenge for Developing Nations in Treaty Negotiations Treaty negotiators from developing nations may not necessarily have legal training or legal support when carrying out treaty negotiations. For some of these negotiators, English may be their second or third language. Yet, to effectively advance their nation’s interests during treaty negotiations, the negotiators requ

Executive Summary (Summary of a project undertaken for Trade Law Bureau, Government of Canada)* (Full report can be read here)** The seventy years following the establishment of the multilateral trading regime with the GATT 1947 have seen very few invocations of national security exceptions to treaty obligations. Recently, this trend has begun to change. The use of Article XXI of the GATT 1994 has seen a significant upswing during 2017 and 2018. The current flurry of trade-di

Executive Summary (Summary of a confidential project undertaken for a government entity)* Trade facilitation and effectively managing potential trade barriers are fundamental goals of any nation’s foreign relations branch. Knowing what other nations do to effect communication between government and industry members is key in developing one’s own mechanisms. To this end, at the request of a government’s trade bureau, we researched various mechanisms from several countries and